Then indeed, having come together, they were asking him, saying, “Lord, do you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” And he said to them, “It is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father appointed by his own authority, but you will receive power with the Holy Spirit coming upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria and to the end of the earth/land.”
I remarked in my post about Jesus baptizing with the Holy Spirit and fire that there is “no reason to generalize or spiritualize” John’s prophecy of a coming judgment on Jerusalem: he is saying no more and no less than that the city faces military destruction as a consequence of the sins of its residents. KarenL picked up on this point and suggested that by the time we get to Acts 1:6-8, we do indeed have to generalize the narrative because the whole world has come into view: the disciples are sent as witnesses to the end of the earth, and soon the Gentiles will be granted “repentance that leads to life” (Acts 11:18).
She rightly points out that the disciples here “express very clear Israel-centered eschatological expectations”, but in what way or to what extent does Jesus correct these expectations? Do we see here the beginnings of a generalization of the “Israel-centered” perspective, a move beyond the Jewish narrative? I don’t think so, for the following reasons.
First, the conversation has to do only with the timing of the restoration of the kingdom to Israel. The disciples are not to know exactly when this will happen, but Jesus’ response surely means that the timing of exactly this event has been fixed by the Father’s authority.
Secondly, Jesus has been speaking about the kingdom of God for the last forty days (Acts 1:3), and it would be very odd if the disciples had still got the fundamental point wrong that this was not about the restoration of the kingdom to Israel.
Thirdly, in Acts 3:19-26 Peter says that Jesus must be received by heaven “until the time for restoring (chronōn apokatastaseōs) all the things about which God spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets long ago”. The nations are not in view here. Peter calls the Jews to repent in order that they might not be “destroyed from the people” (3:23); in this way, they will be blessed, and then all the families of the earth will be blessed through them. The restoration of all things—which is clearly also the restoration of the kingdom to Israel—will entail the repentance of a number of Jews at a time of judgment, and the outcome of this will be the blessing of the nations.
So I don’t think that this passage takes us beyond the narrative framework of John’s preaching, and I can quote Robert Wall in support of this contention:
Jesus’ vague response to their query is nothing like “an indirect denial that it is Israel to whom the Kingdom will be given.” Nor does it point to “the rule of God over human hearts,” since Acts steadfastly refuses to substitute a distinctly Christian or spiritualized meaning for the more traditional Jewish hope of Israel’s restoration.1
In the meantime, however, the disciples are given the critical task of bearing witness to the resurrection of Jesus in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and to the end of the earth. Whether or not Jesus has the Gentiles in view here and not merely diaspora Israel, what the disciples will bear witness to is the significance of the resurrection for the fate of Israel. The resurrection is taken as evidence that Jesus has been given authority to rule over the people of God, for the sake of both judgment and restoration. It will soon become apparent that this extraordinary coup d’état will have dramatic implications for the nations, but the “restoration” theme has reference only to Israel.
- 1R. Wall, The New Interpreter’s Bible, vol. X (Abingdon, 2002), 41-42 (he quotes R. Maddox and L.T. Johnson).
Is the restoration of Israel, then, during a future Millennium? If so, how do Gentiles fit into this, and where is the Church during this time? Is the kingdom of Israel different than the Church, the heavenly Zion? Will Hagar, Jerusalem below, and her children, have their own kingdom, or will ther return to Sarah and submit to her?
@Todd:
Thanks, Todd. See this quick summary.
The nations are not in view here. [Acts 3:19-26]
How can you affirm this, in view of Acts 3:25?
The restoration of all things—which is clearly also the restoration of the kingdom to Israel—will entail the repentance of a number of Jews at a time of judgment, and the outcome of this will be the blessing of the nations.
Jesus was evasive with the Apostles about the time of the restoration of the kingdom of israel (Acts 1:6).
According to you narrative-historical understanding, has this restoration happened? Or when will it happen?
My point is that when Peter speaks to the Jews about the restoration of all things, there is no thought of the inclusion of Gentiles in restored Israel. But restored Israel will be a blessing to the surrounding nations, who will marvel at what YHWH has done for his people. That is the basic Old Testament paradigm, but it is also apparent in the reception of Genesis 12:3. So we read in Zechariah:
And as you have been a byword of cursing among the nations, O house of Judah and house of Israel, so will I save you, and you shall be a blessing. Fear not, but let your hands be strong.” (Zech. 8:13)
God punishes his people, he restores them, and they come a blessing (cf. Jer. 4:1-2). The manner of blessing is made clear a few verses later:
“Thus says the LORD of hosts: Peoples shall yet come, even the inhabitants of many cities. The inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, ‘Let us go at once to entreat the favor of the LORD and to seek the LORD of hosts; I myself am going.’ Many peoples and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of hosts in Jerusalem and to entreat the favor of the LORD. Thus says the LORD of hosts: In those days ten men from the nations of every tongue shall take hold of the robe of a Jew, saying, ‘Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.’” (Zech. 8:20–23)
Gentiles do not become part of Israel. They come as uncircumcised Gentiles to seek the favour of the God of Israel, in the same way that before they might have gone to Nineveh or Babylon. The covenant boundary remains in force.
By the time we get to Ephesians 2:11-22, of course, things have changed.
I’ve answered the question about the restoration of the kingdom to Israel here.
Hi Andrew, what is your view about staples saying that sinse isreal was only promised the spirit gentiles must be become isrealites because the Northern Kingdom had became not my people so not my people have to come in to restore Israel? Why else does Paul see Gentiles recieving these things that are only promised to isreal and Judah?
@Elliot:
Hi Elliot. Isn’t Staples point not that gentiles must become Israelites but that that the “gentiles” in Paul’s thought are the lost Israelites of the northern kingdom? You could have a look at this post: ‘Are the “gentiles” in Romans the lost tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel?’ Let me know if it doesn’t answer your question.
@Andrew Perriman:
Hi Andrew, in Jason’s book he says the gentiles are not lost isrealites but Paul sees the fate of the nations intertwined with the fate of Israel and because they became not my people, now not my people have to come in. He says the blessing of the nations and the restoration of Israel is intertwined fulfilling Jeremiah proclaimation that God will sow the house of Judah and house of isreal with the seed of man and of beasts. (Beasts being depicted as foreign nations in apocalyptic literature.
As I understand Staples… some of the incoming gentiles are indeed unwittingly of Hebraic heritage. God’s calling of gentiles is a definitive part in the workings of Israel’s restoration. God has used Israel’s rebellion to bring salvation to the wider world, which in turn is used in the restoration of ALL (north/south) Israel. Probably easier to just post some passages from his book.
Jason A. Staples, Paul And The Resurrection Of Israel – Jews, Former Gentiles, Israelites, pp. 315–17, 19
[QUOTE]
Paul has not inverted the order of Israel’s salvation and the gentiles turning to YHWH, he has combined them – they are happening simultaneously through the work of the spirit.
By invoking “the fullness of the nations” at the climax of his argument, Paul makes explicit what he has been arguing since the opening chapters: Because Israel disobeyed and behaved like the gentiles, Israel had been gentilized, becoming indistinct from the nations (literally in the case of most of the northern tribes), and now God has begun to restore Israel from the gentiles. …
It should be emphasized that Paul does not suggest that all the gentiles following the messiah are physical descendants of ancient Israel who simply don’t know their Israelite heritage, nor does this reading preclude the possibility that Paul imagined that some natural-born members of other tribes were “out there” somewhere awaiting restoration. On the contrary, the argument is simply that the bulk of Israel was assimilated into the nations, becoming “not my people” and ethically ceasing to be Israelites. “The whole house of Israel” (πᾶς οἶκος Ισραηλ; Ezek 37:11) had passed away and become “dry bones” and must now be resurrected (37:1–14), being re-adopted from among the nations among which these insensible Israelites had been scattered and assimilated. These spirit-filled gentiles are just not religiously converted but are in fact ethically transformed into Israelites through the process of adoption by incorporation into the body of Messiah. …
The eschatological salvation of gentiles comes through their being grafted into the assembly of Israel, and the eschatological salvation of the whole of Israel depends in part on the incorporation of gentiles, effectively reversing the process of Israel’s assimilation among the nations. “All Israel will be saved,” and gentiles can share in Israel’s salvation through incorporation into Israel. The reverse is a non sequitur. …
Paul’s mystery is that Israel’s salvation paradoxically depends on the incorporation and ethnic transformation of the gentiles. Just as the fates of Israel and Judah are interconnected, because of Israel’s disobedience, the fates of Israel and the nations have become interconnected. Israel’s insensibility (πώρωσις) was the means of mercy towards the gentiles, and that mercy toward the gentiles is in turn the means of Israel’s own redemption. To save Ephraim, gentiles are saved, and by saving “the fullness of the nations,” Ephraim is redeemed. Israel’s redemption is the redemption of the cosmos. …
Israel’s fullness (11:15) now paradoxically includes the fullness of the nations (cf. Isa 49:6), which amounts to life from the dead since the house of Israel, had been dead so long its bones were dry, is now being reconstituted by the spirit (cf. Ezek 37). Many from Israel had ceased to be Israel, but “when God acts to save the people he has elected, Israel becomes Israel.” [quoting – Jennifer A. Glancy, “Israel vs. Israel in Romans 11:25–32” (1991), 191]
[END QUOTE]
Even if one doesn’t buy Staple’s premise, his book is worth the buy, IMO.
@davo:
Yes it’s a great book and very convincing but when I spoke to Paula Fredricksen and Christopher d Stanley they remain unconvinced.
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